The Role of ACE2 in RAS Axis on Microglia Activation in Parkinson’s Disease

Background The classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) induces organ damage, while the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR axis opposes it. However, the role of ACE2 in the brain is unclear. We studied ACE2′s role in the brain. Method We used male C57BL/6J (WT) mice, ACE2 knockout (KO) mice, and MPTP-induced mice. Behavioral tests confirmed successful modeling. We assessed the impact of ACE2 KO on the RAS axis and PD index, including ACE, ACE2, AT1, AT2, MasR, TH, α-syn, and Iba1. We investigated ACE2 and MasR’s involvement in microglial activation via western blot and immunofluorescence. GSE10867 and GSE26532 datasets were used to analyze the effects of AT1 antagonists and in vitro PD models on microglia. Result Behavioral tests revealed that MPTP mice displayed motor deficits, depression, anxiety, and increased inflammatory markers in the SN and CPU, with reduced antioxidant capacity. ACE2 KO worsened these symptoms and exacerbated inflammation and oxidative stress. LPS-induced ACE2/MasR activation in BV2 cells demonstrated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by modulating microglial polarization. Antagonists inhibited microglial activation via inflammation and ROS processes. Conclusion The RAS axis regulates inflammation and oxidative stress to maintain CNS function, suggesting potential targets for neurologic disease treatment. Understanding microglial RAS activation can offer new therapeutic strategies.