HydroPML: Towards Unified Scientific Paradigms for Machine Learning and Process-based Hydrology

Accurate hydrological understanding and water cycle prediction are crucial for addressing scientific and societal challenges associated with the management of water resources, particularly under the dynamic influence of anthropogenic climate change. Existing work predominantly concentrates on the development of machine learning (ML) in this field, yet there is a clear distinction between hydrology and ML as separate paradigms. Here, we introduce physics-aware ML as a transformative approach to overcome the perceived barrier and revolutionize both fields. Specifically, we present a comprehensive review of the physics-aware ML methods, building a structured community (PaML) of existing methodologies that integrate prior physical knowledge or physics-based modeling into ML. We systematically analyze these PaML methodologies with respect to four aspects: physical data-guided ML, physics-informed ML, physics-embedded ML, and physics-aware hybrid learning. PaML facilitates ML-aided hypotheses, accelerating insights from big data and fostering scientific discoveries. We initiate a systematic exploration of hydrology in PaML, including rainfall-runoff and hydrodynamic processes, and highlight the most promising and challenging directions for different objectives and PaML methods. Finally, a new PaML-based hydrology platform, termed HydroPML, is released as a foundation for applications based on hydrological processes [1]. HydroPML presents a range of hydrology applications, including but not limited to rainfall-runoff-inundation modeling, real-time flood forecasting (FloodCast), rainfall-induced landslide forecasting (LandslideCast), and cutting-edge PaML methods, to enhance the explainability and causality of ML and lay the groundwork for the digital water cycle's realization. The HydroPML platform is publicly available at https://hydropml.github.io/. [1] Xu, Qingsong, et al. "Physics-aware Machine Learning Revolutionizes Scientific Paradigm for Machine Learning and Process-based Hydrology." arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.05227 (2023).