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    • Interhemispheric Conjugacy Explorer (ICE) — A Mission Concept

    Kan Liou,Yongliang Zhang,Larry J. Paxton,Hysub Kil,Robert Schaefer,Yue Deng,Daniel Welling,Ramon Lopez, Brian Kaplinger

    Vol 55, Issue 3 (Heliophysics 2024 Decadal Whitepapers) Bulletin of the AAS（2023）

    Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Lab. | University of Texas at Arlington | University of Kansas Center for Research

    Cited 0|Views6
    Abstract
    Goals and Objectives:We propose a mission "Interhemispheric Conjugacy Explorer (ICE)" to transform our understanding of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system from "local" to "global" by providing observations that, for the first time, cover both northern and southern hemispheres simultaneously, thus allowing us to address interhemispheric asymmetries, including both the sources and consequences.The proposed ICE mission is designed to address this issue with an overarching goal to fundamentally improve our understanding of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling on a global scale and its effects on the ionosphere/thermosphere.There are two major science goals: Science Goal 1: Understand the significance of different sources in causing asymmetry in distribution of hemispheric open flux and precipitation of energetic particles.This goal is addressed by two measurement objectives: (MO1) Determine the asymmetry of hemispheric open flux, and (MO2) Determine the asymmetry of precipitation of energetic particles.Science Goal 2: Understand how the interhemispheric asymmetry of energy flow changes the global ionosphere-thermosphere system.This goal is addressed by two measurement objectives: (MO1) Determine the spatial and temporal variation of ionosphere, and (MO2) Determine the spatial and temporal variation of thermosphere.Mission Concept: The ICE mission concept, as currently envisioned for NASA's moderate-class mission, consists of a constellation of four satellites, with 2 satellites (Hi-1 & Hi-2) in an elliptical out-of-phase, high Earth Molniya-like orbit (apogee ~12 R E ) and 2 satellites (Lo-1 & Lo-2) in a "follow-on", low Earth orbit (~600 km of altitude).On each Hi spacecraft, 2-D snapshot images at OI 135.6 nm, N 2 LBHs (140-150 nm), N 2 LBHl (165-180 nm), H 121.8 nm will provide the global context of auroral images (auroral boundaries and polar cap), characteristic energy (E o ) and energy flux (Q) of precipitating electrons, proton aurora, thermospheric O/N 2 column density ratio, whereas on each Lo spacecraft, (1) an FUV spectrograph disk/limb scanning imager (120-185 nm) to provide density (O, O 2 , N 2 , NO and O + ) profile, O/N 2 and NO column density, (2) a neutral mass spectrometer will provide ion and neutral density and composition, plasma drift speed and neutral wind, (3) an electrostatic analyzer to provide energy spectral and pitch angle distribution of precipitating electrons, and (4) a Terahertz Limb Sounder (TLS) to derive atmospheric oxygen density, temperature and wind between 100 and 180 km of altitude.These measurements, alone with some theory and modeling efforts, can provide unprecedented new information necessary to meet our science goals.ICE is an innovative approach to a fundamental challenge.We plan to use commercial offthe shelf buses and implement the constellation with a single reusable Falcon Heavy launcher.The total cost is ~$300-600M with options for enhancing the mission or tuning the cost.
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    【要点】：论文提出了一种名为“Interhemispheric Conjugacy Explorer (ICE)”的探测任务概念，旨在通过同时观测两个半球，改善对磁层-电离层-热层系统全球耦合过程的理解，并研究半球间的不对称性及其影响。
    

    【方法】：ICE任务概念包括发射由四个卫星组成的星座，其中两个卫星（Hi-1 & Hi-2）位于椭圆的、相位不同的高地球轨道（远地点约12 RE），另外两个卫星（Lo-1 & Lo-2）位于低地球轨道（约600公里高度），通过多种仪器进行全球尺度的观测。
    

    【实验】：实验包括Hi卫星上的二维快照图像和Lo卫星上的多种仪器（如FUV光谱仪、中性质量谱仪、静电分析器和太赫兹边缘探测器），以获取电离层和热层的密度、温度、风和能量分布等信息。论文未明确提及数据集名称，但实验结果将结合理论和模型分析，以实现科学目标。