The major focus of my research has been in the elucidation of natural product biosynthesis in plants. This interest has oriented studies to the specialized organization, required to accommodate particular biosynthetic pathways. Model systems in my laboratory (Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and in others have been used to study the cell and developmental biology required to create these specialized cells. Studies have clearly established that natural products are produced within a small proportion of cells that compose the total organism. Cellular specialization appears to activate a) the supply of precursors derived from primary metabolic processes; b) specific biosynthetic pathways for converting primary metabolites into particular small molecules; c) particular sequestering mechanisms, including transport processes that trigger and permit the high level accumulation of end-products. In a few limited examples, large-scale sequencing of cDNA libraries prepared from individual cell-types has confirmed that plant cells become natural product biosynthesis factories through targeted biochemical differentiation. Current studies are focusing on a) targeted sequencing of genes expressed in particular cells in order to identify the complement of genes required to create a particular cell factory; b) targeted expression of novel genes to harness such factories for the manufacture of a variety of useful natural products; c) isolation of regulatory control mechanisms responsible for cellular specialization. The novel chemistries generated may be used to a) defend plants against different plant pathogens, b) produce valuable medecines; c) produce new functional foods; d) produce valuable new aromas, flavours and colorants. Model systems used in this research include the Madagascar periwinkle, grape tobacco and Arabidopsis .