Mohammed Mainul Hoque received the bachelor’s degree in electrical and electronics engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany, in 2000 and 2009, respectively. Since 2004, he has been working on ionospheric modeling, including higher order propagation effects, at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Neustrelitz, Germany, where he has been the Head of the Space Weather Observations Department since 2019.