Our laboratory aims to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for establishing and maintaining polarized localization of proteins in the outer segment and how protein and lipid transport regulate the formation of this compartment. We utilize both lower and higher vertebrate animal models, thereby taking advantage of unique methodologies applicable to each animal type. We conduct many experiments in transgenic Xenopus frogs, which have large photoreceptors that are uniquely suitable for morphological and live imaging studies. We also use the high throughput gene delivery technique of in vivo electroporation in mouse photoreceptors, which provide a wealth of genetic, imaging and biochemical tools. Elucidating the fundamental knowledge of how the outer segment is formed, populated and maintained will be paramount as the vision community begins to explore regenerative approaches to treat patients with retinal disease.