In recent years, my main focus has been in vitro fertilization and culture of mammalian embryos, including the related areas of oocyte maturation, micromanipulation, and cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes. Most of this research is with cattle and horses. We have found that oxidizing NADPH with phenazine ethosulfate decreases lipid droplets markedly in in vitro-produced bovine embryos. We have also found that fructose is superior to glucose for culturing bovine embryos in vitro.