Calibrating the Instrumental Drift in MAROON-X Using an Ensemble Analysis

Ritvik Basant, Tanya Das,Jacob L. Bean, Rafael Luque,Andreas Seifahrt, Madison Brady, Nina Brown,Julian Stürmer, David Kasper,Guðmundur Stefánsson

arXiv · Earth and Planetary Astrophysics（2025）

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Abstract

MAROON-X is a state-of-the-art extreme precision radial velocity spectrograph deployed on the 8.1-meter Gemini-N telescope on Maunakea, Hawai'i. Using a stabilized Fabry-Pérot etalon for wavelength and drift calibration, MAROON-X has achieved a short-term precision of ∼ 30 cm s^-1. However, due to a long-term drift in the etalon (2.2 cm s^-1 per day) and various interruptions of the instrument baseline over the first few years of operation, MAROON-X experiences RV offsets between observing runs several times larger than the short-term precision during any individual run, which hinders the detection of longer-period signals. In this study, we analyze RV measurements of 11 targets that either exhibit small RV scatter or have signals that can be precisely constrained using Keplerian or Gaussian Process models. Leveraging this ensemble, we calibrate MAROON-X's run offsets for data collected between September 2020 and early January 2024 to a precision of ∼0.5 m s^-1. When applying these calibrated offsets to HD 3651, a quiet star, we obtain residual velocities with an RMS of <70 cm s^-1 in both the Red and Blue channels of MAROON-X over a baseline of 29 months. We also demonstrate the sensitivity of MAROON-X data calibrated with these offsets through a series of injection-recovery tests. Based on our findings, MAROON-X is capable of detecting sub m s^-1 signals out to periods of more than 1,000 days.

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【要点】：本文通过集合分析方法校准了MAROON-X光谱仪的仪器漂移，显著提高了其对长周期信号的检测能力。

【方法】：研究利用了11个目标星的径向速度测量数据，这些数据具有小的径向速度散射或可用开普勒或高斯过程模型精确约束的信号。

【实验】：作者分析了2020年9月至2024年初收集的数据，通过校准得到的偏移量应用于HD 3651星，在29个月的时间跨度内，红蓝通道的残差速度RMS均小于70 cm s^-1，并通过注入-恢复测试证明了校准后数据的敏感性。

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