Demographics of Black Holes at <100 R_ G Scales: Accretion Flows, Jets, and Shadows

Dhanya G. Nair, Neil M. Nagar，Kaj Wiik, J. Anton Zensus

arXiv · Astrophysics of Galaxies（2024）

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Abstract

Using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), the gravitationally lensed rings around the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in Messier 87 (M87) and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) have now been successfully imaged at a resolution under 10 gravitational radii (R_ g = GM/c^2). To expand studies beyond M87 and Sgr A*, we have constructed the Event Horizon and Environs (ETHER) sample, a comprehensive database encompassing approximately 3.15 million SMBH mass estimates, ∼ 20,000 Very-Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) radio flux densities, and ∼ 36,000 hard X-ray flux densities. This database is designed to identify and optimize target selection for the EHT and its upgrades on the ground and in space. We have identified a Gold Sample (GS) of nearby low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) within it that are ideal for studying jet bases and potentially imaging black hole shadows. We observed 27 of these AGNs using the EHT from 2022 to 2024, providing an opportunity to resolve and image accretion flows and jets at resolutions of ≤ 100 R_ g. Only a few SMBHs have sufficiently high enough flux density to be imaged at scales of ≤ 50 R_ g with the present EHT. Among these are M87, Sgr A*, NGC4594 (Sombrero/M104), NGC4261, and NGC4374 (Messier 84/M84). Of these, NGC4261, Sombrero, and M84 have been observed and/or are scheduled for deep imaging with EHT+ALMA from 2023 to 2025. Sombrero, NGC4261, M84, NGC4278, and NGC5232 are clearly detected in our EHT+ALMA observations in 2022, indicating that the 230 GHz flux density from the accretion flows is significantly high. Ongoing imaging of the ETHER GS will enable measurements of black hole mass and spin, help constrain General Relativity, and enrich our understanding of jet launching and accretion inflows across a broad multi-parameter space, including black hole mass, spin, accretion rate, and orientation.

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【要点】：本文利用Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)扩展了对超大质量黑洞(SMBHs)的研究，构建了包含约3.15百万个SMBH质量估计的ETHER数据库，并选取了27个低亮度活动星系核(AGNs)进行观测，以探究黑洞的吸积流、喷流和阴影，旨在优化EHT的目标选择并约束广义相对论。

【方法】：通过构建ETHER数据库，对选定的低亮度AGNs进行EHT观测，以≤ 100 R_g的分辨率解析和成像吸积流和喷流。

【实验】：27个低亮度AGNs在2022至2024年间使用EHT进行观测，其中Sombrero、NGC4261、M84、NGC4278和NGC5232在2022年的EHT+ALMA观测中已被明确检测到，表明其吸积流的230 GHz流量密度显著高。

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