Oleogels Loaded with Lycopene Structured Using Zein/EGCG/Ca2+ Complexes: Preparation, Characterization and Potential Application

Oleogels have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent viscoelasticity and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid. This study explored the potential of Zein/(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate/Ca2+ complexes oleogels loaded with lycopene as potential substitute for solid fats in biscuit formulations. Utilizing an emulsion-templated method, oleogels were prepared and characterized for visual appearance, droplet size, microstructure, and rheological properties. The incorporation of lycopene indicated a dose-dependent effect on these characteristics, achieving optimal properties at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. At this concentration, oleogels exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency (> 90 %), lower oil loss (< 2 %), and denser network structures. Rheological analysis highlighted the shear-thinning behavior, gel-like structure, and thixotropic recovery of oleogels. Substituting of margarine with lycopene-loaded oleogels in biscuits yielded products with regular appearance, uniform color, and potential health benefits, demonstrating the viability of these oleogels as a healthier alternative to traditional solid fats in baking.