Polycaprolactone Electrospun Nanofibers Embedded with Phosphorus-Doped G-Carbon Nitride for Rapid Detection of Xanthine

Precise monitoring of xanthine (Xn) is very crucial for preventing and managing a range of related diseases, including gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and renal failure. Despite the development of numerous electrochemical sensors for Xn monitoring, enhancing their stability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity for real-time applications remains challenging due to the need for specific binding sites and the requirement for a uniform ions flow and electrons over the exposed catalytic active sites of electrode surface. Thus, keeping in view these challenges herein we smartly constructed a novel phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride (P@g-C3N4) embedded polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun nanofibers-based electrode for precise electrochemical monitoring of Xn. Interestingly, P@g-C3N4 not only provides abundant catalytic active sites but also offers binding sites such as phosphorus sites, nitrogen sites, vacancies, and functional groups, while PCL ensures a smooth and homogeneous flow of ions, resulting in sensitive, selective, and reliable monitoring of Xn. As a result, our designed system exhibits a vast linear range of 5–240 µM and higher sensitivity with detection limit of 3.9 µM. Moreover, the designed electrochemical sensor was employed to human urine samples for real-time analysis. The results revealed that the electrode exhibits excellent reusability, sensitivity, and long-term stability, making it a cost-effective and reliable tool for future applications.