Genetic Analysis from Multiple Cohorts Implies Causality Between 2200 Druggable Genes, Telomere Length, and Leukemia

Background Clinical therapeutic targets for leukemia remain to be identified and the causality between leukemia and telomere length is unclear. Methods This work employed cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) for 2,200 druggable genes from the eQTLGen Consortium and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data for telomere length in seven blood cell types from the UK Biobank, Netherlands Cohort as exposures. GWAS data for lymphoid leukemia (LL) and myeloid leukemia (ML) from FinnGen and Lee Lab were used as outcomes for discovery and replication cohorts, respectively. Robust Mendelian randomization (MR) findings were generated from seven MR models and a series of sensitivity analyses. Summary-data-based MR (SMR) analysis and transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) were further implemented to verify the association between identified druggable genes and leukemia. Single-cell type expression analysis was employed to identify the specific expression of leukemia casual genes on human bone marrow and peripheral blood immune cells. Multivariable MR analysis, linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), and Bayesian colocalization analysis were performed to further validate the relationship between telomere length and leukemia. Mediation analysis was used to assess the effects of identified druggable genes affecting leukemia via telomere length. Phenome-wide MR (Phe-MR) analysis for assessing the effect of leukemia causal genes and telomere length on 1,403 disease phenotypes. Results Combining the results of the meta-analysis for MR estimates from two cohorts, SMR and TWAS analysis, we identified five LL causal genes (TYMP, DSTYK, PPIF, GDF15, FAM20A) and three ML causal genes (LY75, ADA, ABCA2) as promising drug targets for leukemia. Univariable MR analysis showed genetically predicted higher leukocyte telomere length increased the risk of LL (odds ratio [OR] = 2.33, 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI] 1.70–3.18; P = 1.33E-07), and there was no heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. Evidence from the meta-analysis of two cohorts strengthened this finding (OR = 1.88, 95 % CI 1.06–3.05; P = 0.01). Multivariable MR analysis showed the causality between leukocyte telomere length and LL without interference from the other six blood cell telomere length (OR = 2.72, 95 % CI 1.88–3.93; P = 1.23E-07). Evidence from LDSC supported the positive genetic correlation between leukocyte telomere length and LL (rg = 0.309, P = 0.0001). Colocalization analysis revealed that the causality from leukocyte telomere length on LL was driven by the genetic variant rs770526 in the TERT region. The mediation analysis via two-step MR showed that the causal effect from TYMP on LL was partly mediated by leukocyte telomere length, with a mediated proportion of 12 %. Conclusion Our study identified several druggable genes associated with leukemia risk and provided new insights into the etiology and drug development of leukemia. We also found that genetically predicted higher leukocyte telomere length increased LL risk and its potential mechanism of action.