Identification of critical drought thresholds affecting vegetation on the Mongolian Plateau

The increasing frequency of drought events due to global climate change has significant impacts on ecosystems, often resulting in reduced vegetation productivity. However, vegetation responses to drought often exhibit non-linear threshold phenomena, where vegetation growth sharply decreases once water stress reaches a certain level. Our study, conducted on the Mongolian Plateau, focuses on revealing the drought response thresholds and distribution patterns of different vegetation types. These thresholds mark critical turning points from high drought resistance to high vulnerability in vegetation response and serve as early warning indicators, crucial for accurately assessing how terrestrial ecosystems adapt to climate change. We utilized remote sensing observation datasets and inversion datasets spanning from 2001 to 2020, including six representative vegetation indices. The results indicate that: (1) Over 70 % of the Mongolian Plateau experiences low vegetation growth (<10th) predominantly influenced by drought, with low vegetation growth often occurring when water availability falls below the 30th percentile; (2) Areas with higher vegetation coverage and relatively moist climates have lower proportions of drought thresholds, implying that more complex ecosystems can better mitigate water stress, while background climatic conditions also regulate vegetation response to water availability; (3) According to multi-model climate predictions, the overall probability of drought risk on the Mongolian Plateau is projected to significantly increase during 2080–2100, especially in drought-prone regions. These findings provide important insights into better understanding the impacts of drought on ecosystems. Additionally, they emphasize the urgency of taking early measures to adapt to future drought risks.