Protamine: Current Insights and Evolving Applications in Medical and Dental Perspectives

This review aims to highlight the evolution of protamine from its traditional medical applications as an essential component in insulin formulations and a heparin antidote to its emerging roles in vaccine and drug therapies. Furthermore, it explores protamine’s potential in dental and periodontal treatments, emphasizing its capabilities in alveolar bone resorption management. Protamine, a peptide derived from fish spermatozoa, is notable for extending insulin’s action, neutralizing heparin in cardiac surgeries, and enhancing gene therapy delivery. Its emerging role in dentistry, particularly in periodontal disease treatments due to its antimicrobial and regenerative qualities, signifies its expanding utility. Recent studies also suggest protamine’s potential in metabolic regulation and neuroregeneration. Protamine’s versatility extends beyond its conventional applications, offering promising new therapeutic possibilities. With emerging evidence supporting its use in oncology, vaccine formulations, and periodontal regeneration, further research is essential to unlock its full potential, paving the way for innovative treatments across medical and dental fields.