Green and Sustainable Biochar for Coastal Wetlands Management: A Review to Achieve in Situ Remediation by Artificial Intelligence

Coastal wetlands, often referred to as the ‘kidneys of the Earth’, have gained significant attention. However, they are increasingly affected by severe pollution and invasive species. Thus, ensuring green and sustainable methods for pollutant removal is of utmost importance. Biochar has demonstrated its unique advantages and benefits in coastal wetland remediation and management. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental fields has become increasingly prevalent, with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental protection and resource management. However, the in situ remediation with AI-assisted biochar is still not well understood. This review adopts a problem-focused approach, analyzing and resolving problems to comprehensively review state-of-the-art biochar production, modification, and applications. This study aims to improve the remediation efficiency of sediment with combined pollution through the integration of AI systems. Moreover, the study highlights the positive effects of biochar on plant growth, microbial activity, and soil/sediment health, as well as its suitability for coastal wetland management, indicating that biochar holds great promise as an effective method for coastal wetland remediation and management.