Development Trends in Nd-reduced/free Rare Earth Permanent Magnets

Since the development of Nd-Fe-B based rare-earth permanent magnet in 1983, it has become indispensable materials in various industries, owing to their unparalleled magnetic properties among commercial magnets. Especially, the proliferation of electric/hybrid vehicles and demands for downsizing, lightweighting, and high efficiency of electric motors have further increased the reliance on high-performance Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. However, it is predicted that the demand for neodymium (Nd) will surpass the supply by 2025, and considering the risks of rare earth supply/price due to the resource strategies of rare earth-rich countries, it is necessary to reduce the dependence on Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. As a viable solution, active utilization of rare earth elements such as cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), and samarium (Sm), which are abundant or oversupplied in the market, instead of Nd, is needed. Therefore, we will discuss the manufacturing technology and research trends of 'Nd-reduced rare earth permanent magnets' replacing Nd with Ce, La, and 'Nd-free rare earth permanent magnets' such as Sm-Co, Sm-Fe(-N), and explores their potential as commercial magnets.