Constructed Wetlands for Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment with Different Macrophytes in Hot Climate Regions: a Review

Constructed wetlands are an environmentally friendly and cost-effective option for treating leachate. They rely on aquatic plants and microorganisms to efficiently remove contaminants. Temperature plays a crucial role in the performance of wetlands, as it improves overall efficiency. Oxygen accumulation in the wetland, either through photosynthesis or from the atmosphere, is essential for organic matter decomposition and nitrification. The growth of macrophytes, supported by sunlight and temperature, enhances wetland efficiency. Scientific observations confirm that macrophytes' performance depends on biomass production and oxygen fixation in the rhizosphere during the growing season. The reviewed results showed that there is a noticeable trend is that tropical climate areas tend to exhibit higher efficiency in leachate treatment across various parameters such as TSS, COD, BOD, TN, TP, and others.These macrophytes excel in tropical and temperate regions with temperatures above 30°C with the removal percentage above 90%. The review of the literature confirms that wetlands are a low-cost, eco-friendly, and efficient solution for removing various contaminants. Furthermore, the efficiency of wetlands is enhanced by approximately 20-30% in tropical and temperate regions due to higher temperatures.