Proliferation and Apoptosis Dynamics of the Normal Canine Mammary Gland During the Oestrous Cycle Evaluated by Ki-67 and Caspase-3 Indexes

Understanding the normal physiology of the canine mammary gland (CMG) is crucial, as it provides a foundational reference for understanding canine mammary neoplasms. The relation between the Proliferation Index (PI) indicated by Ki‐67 expression, along with the Apoptotic Index (AI) determined through Caspase‐3 expression during the oestrous cycle, is inadequately documented in existing literature. This study seeks to offer insights into the interplay between PI and AI in the CMG across oestrous cycle phases. An extensive investigation was conducted on a diverse case series of bitches (n = 18). Oestrous cycle stages were determined through vaginal cytology, histological examination of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations. The entire mammary chain was histologically examined, and proliferation and apoptosis were assessed via double immunohistochemistry employing anti‐Ki‐67 and Caspase‐3 antibodies. PI and AI were evaluated through a systematic random sampling approach, counting a minimum of 200 cells for each cell type. There was a significantly higher PI during early dioestrus in all mammary gland components, with a greater proportion of positive cells observed in epithelial cells compared to stromal cells. The highest PI was detected in epithelial cells within the end buds. Significant differences were found in Ki‐67 labelling across the cranial mammary glands. A positive and strong correlation was noted between progesterone concentration and PI in epithelial cells. The AI remained consistently low throughout the oestrous cycle, with few differences observed across histological components. Caspase‐3 labelling displayed the highest positivity in caudal mammary pairs. A negative and moderate correlation was identified between progesterone concentration and AI in interlobular mesenchymal cells. This study highlights the influence of endocrine regulation on cell proliferation indices in mammary tissue, emphasizing the need to consider these hormonal variations in toxicopathological studies involving canine mammary gland.