High‐Voltage Catholyte for High‐Energy‐Density Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery
Angewandte Chemie (International ed in English)(2024)
摘要
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) with high energy densities are essential for efficient and sustainable long‐term energy storage on a grid scale. To advance the development of nonaqueous RFBs with high energy densities, a new organic RFB system employing a molecularly engineered tetrathiafulvalene derivative ((PEG3/PerF)‐TTF) as a high energy density catholyte was developed. When paired with a lithium metal anode, the two‐electron‐active (PEG3/PerF)‐TTF catholyte produced a cell voltage of 3.56 V for the first reduction and 3.92 V for the second reduction process. In cyclic voltammetry and flow cell tests, the redox chemistry exhibited excellent cycling stability. The Li|(PEG3/PerF)‐TTF batteries, with concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.5 M, demonstrated capacity retention rates of ~94% (99.87% per cycle, 97.52% per day) and 90% (99.93% per cycle, 99.16% per day), and the average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.38% and 98.35%, respectively. The flow cell achieved a high power density of 129 mW/cm2. Furthermore, owing to the high redox potential and solubility of (PEG3/PerF)‐TTF, the flow cell attained a high operational energy density of 72 Wh/L (100 Wh/L theoretical). A 0.75 M flow cell exhibited an even higher operational energy density of 96 Wh/L (150 Wh/L theoretical).
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