Proxiome Assembly of the Plant Nuclear Pore Reveals an Essential Hub for Gene Expression Regulation

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is vital for nucleocytoplasmic communication. Recent evidence emphasizes its extensive association with proteins of diverse functions, suggesting roles beyond cargo transport. Yet, our understanding of NPC’s composition and functionality at this extended level remains limited. Here, through proximity-labelling proteomics, we uncover both local and global NPC-associated proteome in Arabidopsis, comprising over 500 unique proteins, predominantly associated with NPC’s peripheral extension structures. Compositional analysis of these proteins revealed that the NPC concentrates chromatin remodellers, transcriptional regulators and mRNA processing machineries in the nucleoplasmic region while recruiting translation regulatory machinery on the cytoplasmic side, achieving a remarkable orchestration of the genetic information flow by coupling RNA transcription, maturation, transport and translation regulation. Further biochemical and structural modelling analyses reveal that extensive interactions with nucleoporins, along with phase separation mediated by substantial intrinsically disordered proteins, may drive the formation of the unexpectedly large nuclear pore proteome assembly. Tang et al. utilized proximity labelling to assemble the Arabidopsis nuclear pore-associated proteome and revealed the nuclear pore as an integrated platform coupling multiple steps in gene expression regulation, beyond its conventional transport role.