Intrathoracic Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteriosis with Endobronchial Lesion in a Child Aged 11 with HIV Infection Diagnosed by Bronchoscopic Biopsy, EBUS-TBNA and Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

The diagnosis of intrathoracic non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM) is challenging. We report a case of a pediatric pulmonary NTM with endobronchial lesion and lymphadenitis in a child with HIV infection diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy, EBUS-TBNA and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE). The pCLE showed a large number of highly fluorescent cells and zones of density and disorganized elastin fibers at alveolar areas. A combination of diagnostic endoscopic procedures is required to establish the diagnosis of NTM.