Optimization of CT Pulmonary Angiography for Pulmonary Embolism Using Task-Based Image Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Reference Levels: A Multicentric Study

Purpose: To establish size-specific diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for pulmonary embolism (PE) based on patient CT examinations performed on 74 CT devices. To assess task-based image quality (IQ) for each device and to investigate the variability of dose and IQ across different CTs. To propose a dose/IQ optimization. Methods: 1051 CT pulmonary angiography dose data were collected. DRLs were calculated as the 75th percentile of CT dose index (CTDI) for two patient categories based on the thoracic perimeters. IQ was assessed with two thoracic phantom sizes using local acquisition parameters and three other dose levels. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of a 2 mm low perfused vessel was assessed with a non-prewhitening with eye-filter model observer. The optimal IQ-dose point was mathematically assessed from the relationship between IQ and dose. Results: The DRLs of CTDI vol were 6.4 mGy and 10 mGy for the two patient categories. 75th percentiles of phantom CTDI vol were 6.3 mGy and 10 mGy for the two phantom sizes with inter-quartile AUC values of 0.047 and 0.066, respectively. After the optimization, 75th percentiles of phantom CTDI vol decreased to 5.9 mGy and 7.55 mGy and the interquartile AUC values were reduced to 0.025 and 0.057 for the two phantom sizes. Conclusion: DRLs for PE were proposed as a function of patient thoracic perimeters. This study highlights the variability in terms of dose and IQ. An optimization process can be started individually and lead to a harmonization of practice throughout multiple CT sites.