Synthesis of magnetic MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Co, Zn, Fe) supported on porous carbons derived from Bidens pilosa weed and their adsorptive comparison of toxic dyes

Bidens pilosa is classified as an invasive plant and has become a problematic weed to many agricultural crops. They strongly germinate, grow and reproduce and compete nutrient with the local plants. To lessen the influence of Bidens pilosa, therefore, converting this harmful species into carbon materials as adsorbents in the harm-to-wealth and valorization strategies is required. Here, we synthesize a series of magnetic composites based on MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Co, Zn, Fe) supported on porous carbon (MFOAC) derived from Bidens pilosa by a facile hydrothermal method. The Bidens pilosa carbon was initially activated by condensed H3PO4 to increase the surface chemistry. We observed that porous carbon loaded NiFe2O4 (NFOAC) reached the highest surface area (795.7 m2 g–1), followed by CoFe2O4/AC (449.1 m2 g–1), Fe3O4/AC (426.1 m2 g–1), ZnFe2O4/AC (409.5 m2 g–1). Morphological results showed nanoparticles were well-dispersed on the surface of carbon. RhB, MO, and MR dyes were used as adsorbate to test the adsorption by MFOAC. Effect of time (0–360 min), concentration (5–50 mg L–1), dosage (0.05–0.2 g L–1), and pH (3–9) on dyes adsorption onto MFOAC was investigated. It was found that NFOAC obtained the highest maximum adsorption capacity against dyes, RhB (107.96 mg g–1) < MO (148.05 mg g–1) < MR (153.1 mg g–1). Several mechanisms such as H bonding, π–π stacking, cation–π interaction and electrostatic interaction were suggested. With sufficient stability and capacity, NFOAC can be used as potential adsorbent for real water treatment systems.