Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (atlast) Science: Probing the Transient and Time-Variable Sky

John Orlowski-Scherer,Thomas J. Maccarone，Matthew Smith,Alexander E. Thelen

Open research Europe（2025）

University of Pennsylvania Department of Physics and Astronomy | Texas Tech University Department of Physics & Astronomy | University of Oxford Astrophysics | Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences | Eureka Scientific | The Catholic University of America | Universi-dad Complutense de Madrid Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica e Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS) | University of Oslo Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics | Universidad Diego Portales (UDP) Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias | INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera | Max-Planck-Institut f ür Extraterrestrische Physik | Universit à degli Studi di Bologna INAF -Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna | UK Astronomy Technology Centre | IFPU -Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe Department of Physics | NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics | European Southern Observatory (ESO) | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center | Universidad de La Laguna Dpto. Astrofísica | DTU-Space Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) | Chinese Academy of Sciences Purple Mountain Observatory | Cardiff University School of Physics & Astronomy | California Institute of Technology Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences

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Abstract

The study of transient and variable events, including novae, active galacticnuclei, and black hole binaries, has historically been a fruitful path forelucidating the evolutionary mechanisms of our universe. The study of suchevents in the millimeter and submillimeter is, however, still in its infancy.Submillimeter observations probe a variety of materials, such as opticallythick dust, which are hard to study in other wavelengths. Submillimeterobservations are sensitive to a number of emission mechanisms, from theaforementioned cold dust, to hot free-free emission, and synchrotron emissionfrom energetic particles. Study of these phenomena has been hampered by a lackof prompt, high sensitivity submillimeter follow-up, as well as by a lack ofhigh-sky-coverage submillimeter surveys. In this paper, we describe how theproposed Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) could fill inthese gaps in our understanding of the transient universe. We discuss a numberof science cases that would benefit from AtLAST observations, and detail howAtLAST is uniquely suited to contributing to them. In particular, AtLAST'slarge field of view will enable serendipitous detections of transient events,while its anticipated ability to get on source quickly and observesimultaneously in multiple bands make it also ideally suited for transientfollow-up. We make theoretical predictions for the instrumental and observatoryproperties required to significantly contribute to these science cases, andcompare them to the projected AtLAST capabilities. Finally, we consider theunique ways in which transient science cases constrain the observationalstrategies of AtLAST, and make prescriptions for how AtLAST should observe inorder to maximize its transient science output without impinging on otherscience cases.

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