Antarctic Vortex Dehydration in 2023 as a Substantial Removal Pathway for Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Water Vapor

The January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) injected a huge amount (similar to 150 Tg) of water vapor (H2O) into the stratosphere, along with small amount of SO2. An off-line 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) successfully reproduces the spread of the injected H2O through October 2023 as observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder. Dehydration in the 2023 Antarctic polar vortex caused the first substantial (similar to 20 Tg) removal of HTHH H2O from the stratosphere. The CTM indicates that this process will dominate removal of HTHH H2O for the coming years, giving an overall e-folding timescale of 4 years; around 25 Tg of the injected H2O is predicted to still remain in the stratosphere by 2030. Following relatively low Antarctic column ozone in midwinter 2023 due to transport effects, additional springtime depletion due to H2O-related chemistry was small and maximized at the vortex edge (10 DU in column). Around 150 Tg (150 million tons) of water vapor was injected into the stratosphere during the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas and this increase is expected to have a warming effect in the troposphere, as well causing perturbations in stratospheric chemistry and aerosols. We use an atmospheric model to study the residence time of this excess water vapor and its impact on the recent Antarctic ozone hole. The model performance is evaluated by comparison with satellite measurements. Wintertime dehydration in the Antarctic stratosphere in 2023 is found to be an important mechanism for removal of the volcanic water from the stratosphere. However, the overall removal rate is predicted to be slow; around 25 Tg (17%) is still present in 2030. The direct impact of the excess water vapor on ozone via chemical processes in the Antarctic ozone hole in 2023 is small. Antarctic dehydration is a major removal pathway of stratospheric H2O injected from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) eruption HTHH H2O caused small (up to 10 DU) additional chemical ozone depletion in 2023 Antarctic spring Model indicates e-folding timescale of 4 years for removal of HTHH H2O from stratosphere