Improved model for thermal transmission in evacuated tubes: Effect of non-uniform heat flux and circumferential conduction

Evacuated tubes are extensively utilized for converting solar energy into thermal energy owing to their exceptional thermal properties and affordability. The circumferential temperature gradient of the evacuated tube is significant to the heat and mass transfer inside, but it is often neglected. This research proposed an improved model incorporating non-uniform heat flux and circumferential conduction to obtain the temperature distribution. In the experiment, A thermal insulation material was inserted inside the inner tube to create an adiabatic boundary. Various conditions (non-uniform, rectangular, and uniform heat fluxes, circumferential conduction of the coating) were numerically compared. The enhanced combined thermal transmission model was validated, demonstrating a relative error of 6.45% in temperature increase calculation and increasing the prediction accuracy by 42.15% at least. The distribution of the heat flux and the thermal conduction of the coating were identified as the primary factors affecting the heat transfer properties of the evacuated tube. An imbalanced distribution of heat flux resulted in non-uniform heat transfer, whereas the circumferential conduction within the coating effectively modulated the temperature distribution to achieve uniformity. The local heat transfer coefficient exhibited non-uniformity, with calculated values ranging from 0.23 to 3.25 W/(m2∙K), and an error range of -16 to +3%.