Chronic Hyperkalaemia with Patiromer in Haemodialysis: A Single-Center, Prospective Observational Study in the Clinical Practice

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients on Hemodialysis (HD) experience increased risk of hyperkalemia, a serious potential fatal electrolyte disorder. Although novel effective strategies for managing hyperkalaemia are available, experience in routine clinical practice is still insufficient. Here we report chronic hyperkalemia prevalence and analyze the effects of different treatments on potassium management, adherence ratio and gastrointestinal symptoms in HD population. Methods: 12-week, prospective, single-center study in HD patients with chronic hyperkalaemia (>5.5 mmol/l). Three study phases were established: Phase 1, Dietary Advice (DA); Phase 2, Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate Resins (CPSRs); and Phase 3, patiromer. Sociodemographic and biochemical data, treatment adherence and compliance (Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire), gastrointestinal symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, GSRS), HD characteristics and usual medical treatment were analyzed in each phase. Results: Serum potassium values decreased significantly (p<0.05) only in phase 3 (–0.75 mmol/l), with a higher patient percentage reaching optimal K range. Compared with CPSRs, patiromer yielded significantly better overall GSRS scores: abdominal pain (3.7 versus 2.5), constipation (7.1 versus 5.3), indigestion (6.2 versus 5.6); and better treatment compliance. No significant changes were found in other biochemical data, HD characteristics or usual medication over the course of the study. Conclusions: Chronic hyperkalemia is a highly prevalent disorder on our HD unit. Compared to DA and traditional potassium binders; patiromer was effective in managing chronic hyperkalemia, improving gastrointestinal symptoms and treatment adherence with no associated severe adverse effects. Therefore, patiromer can be considered a first-line treatment for chronic hyperkalemia in patients with HD.