Manipulation under Anesthesia and Lysis of Adhesions Are the Most Commonly Reported Treatments for Arthrofibrosis of the Knee after Arthroscopy or Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Both Pediatric and Adult Patients

PurposeTo systematically review the literature and provide a detailed summary of the current treatments and outcomes for arthrofibrosis following knee arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to compare the treatment strategies in pediatric and adult populations.MethodsA systematic review was performed in March 2022 using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Databases per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Search terms consisted of variations of the following: (“arthrofibrosis” OR “stiffness” OR “stiff” OR “complications”) AND (“arthroscopy” OR “arthroscop” OR “ACL” OR “anterior cruciate”) AND (“treat” OR “care” OR “management” AND “knee”). The inclusion criteria were studies that were written in English, were published since 2000, and that reported outcomes of knee arthroscopy or ACLR for treatment of arthrofibrosis of the knee. The study quality was assessed, and data about the patients and treatments were recorded. Treatments were compared between pediatric and adult patients.ResultsA total of 1,208 articles were identified in the initial search, 42 (3.48%) of which met eligibility criteria, involving treatment regimens for arthrofibrosis following knee arthroscopy or ACLR. Of the 42 studies included, 29 (69.0%) were reported data for adults and 13 (31.0%) reported data for pediatric patients. Thirty-nine studies (92.8%) discussed manipulation under anesthesia and/or lysis of adhesions (LOA) as treatment for arthrofibrosis of the knee, whereas 2 (4.8%) described the use of medications.ConclusionsWithin orthopaedic sports medicine literature, there is variability in the reported treatment options for arthrofibrosis of the knee. Most studies identified manipulation under anesthesia and/or LOA as the treatment among both adult and pediatric patients. Other variants include notchplasty, open posterior arthrolysis, total graft resection, removal of hardware with LOA, dynamic splinting, casting in extension, bracing, and medications.Level of EvidenceLevel IV, systematic review of Level I-IV studies.