The Earliest Human Occupation of Atapuerca in the European Context

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the body of knowledge (c) 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. on the first human occupations predating MIS 21 in the Atapuerca karst system. These occupations are described in terms of their ecological, cultural and technological context based on the Sima del Elefante and Gran Dolina sites. This paper focuses on the lower units of these sedimentary infills, specifically Unit TE9 of Sima del Elefante and Unit TD4 of Gran Dolina. In addition, evidence of the earliest human settlements in Europe is reviewed and hypotheses about the dynamics and intensity of that settlement are proposed. (c) 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.