Ameliorative effects of Sargassum kjellmanianum on hexavalent chromium-induced growth inhibition, immune suppression, and oxidative stress in yellow catfish

Chromium (Cr) pollution is a critical environmental concern posing a considerable danger to the food safety of aquatic products and health of aquatic animals. Developing a reliable and effective strategy for reducing the adverse effects of Cr on aquatic organisms is of great importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the brown alga Sargassum kjellmanianum in reducing chronic toxicity induced by hexavalent Cr (Cr6+) in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. A total of 360 healthy fish were exposed to Cr6+ (3.24 mg L-1) and S. kjellmanianum (5