Estimation of pollution sources and hydraulic conductivity field in a coastal aquifer under tidal effects

In the past decades, most of the efforts have often been invested in the joint identification of contamination and hydraulic conductivity field in inland subsurface aquifers. However, the booming economy and dense population around the coast have brought a new challenge to the forefront: the serious pollution of coastal aquifers. Coastal aquifers are highly vulnerable ecological areas, which are affected by inland pollutants carried by groundwater during its entry into the sea and are also influenced by seawater intrusion. This article addresses the inverse problem of coastal aquifer pollution, which is subject to tidal effects, using the Iterative Local Updating Ensemble Smoother (ILUES) algorithm. The adopted ILUES algorithm is leveraged to efficiently extract pollutant concentration and salinity data for the identification of the source release history and characterization of the hydraulic conductivity field of a site with multiple pollutant sources. This study is based on a variant of the traditional benchmark problem, analyzing the influence of algorithm parameters, tidal effects, and heterogeneity on data assimilation. The article further demonstrates the great potential of ILUES to address new challenges. In addition, the significance of multi-level monitoring wells for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity in coastal multi-layered heterogeneous aquifers is explained. [GRAPHICS] .