Probabilistic Analysis of Low Power Factor in a Facility with High Integration of PV Generation

This study introduces the ongoing development of a methodology to evaluate charges for excess reactive energy in an electrical facility due to a low power factor caused by the integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation. Real-world data from the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were employed and clustered by season of the year, and whether falling in a business day, a holiday or during vacation period. The statistical distributions Johnson's $S_{U}$ and Proportional Reversed Hazard Logistic were selected to model consumption and generation patterns, while through a Monte Carlo simulation, the power factor violations and the charges for excess reactive energy for 2023 were estimated. It has been showed that the PV integration substantially lowers the power factor and increases the probability of violation, particularly during high generation periods. On the other hand, the carges for excess reactive energy are generally minimal, typically around 10% of PV integration savings.