Magnetically tunable electrokinetic instability and structuring of non-equilibrium nanoparticle gradients
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Inspired by emergent behaviors of living matter, there is increasing interest
in developing approaches to create dynamic patterns and structures in synthetic
materials with controllable complexity to enable functionalities that are not
possible in thermodynamic equilibrium. Here we show that electrophoretically
driven and maintained non-equilibrium gradients of magnetic nanoparticles in
non-polar solvent can undergo electrokinetic instabilities (EKI), leading to
various electrically controllable spatiotemporally patterned states. These
electrokinetic instabilities and patterns can be tuned with a magnetic field
via magnetostatic energy reduction mechanism to both increase and decrease the
pattern complexity. We reflect the experimental observations on the theoretical
electrokinetic and magnetostatic arguments. We further show that small amounts
of polar water in the otherwise non-polar system are critical enablers for the
electrophoretic mobility of the nanoparticles. Since functionalities of
magnetic nanoparticles are widely tunable, we foresee that the combination of
dissipative electrokinetic driving and magnetic energy reduction can lead to
novel functional dissipative materials.
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