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Extreme Drought Impacts Have Been Underestimated in Grasslands and Shrublands Globally

Melinda D. Smith,Kate D. Wilkins,Martin C. Holdrege,Peter Wilfahrt,Scott L. Collins,Alan K. Knapp,Osvaldo E. Sala,Jeffrey S. Dukes,Richard P. Phillips,Laura Yahdjian,Laureano A. Gherardi,Timothy Ohlert,Claus Beier,Lauchlan H. Fraser,Anke Jentsch,Michael E. Loik,Fernando T. Maestre,Sally A. Power,Qiang Yu,Andrew J. Felton,Seth M. Munson,Yiqi Luo, Hamed Abdoli,Mehdi Abedi,Concepcion L. Alados,Juan Alberti,Moshe Alon,Hui An,Brian Anacker,Maggie Anderson,Harald Auge,Seton Bachle,Khadijeh Bahalkeh,Michael Bahn,Amgaa Batbaatar,Taryn Bauerle,Karen H. Beard,Kai Behn,Ilka Beil,Lucio Biancari,Irmgard Blindow,Viviana Florencia Bondaruk,Elizabeth T. Borer,Edward W. Bork,Carlos Martin Bruschetti,Kerry M. Byrne,James F. Cahill,Dianela A. Calvo,Michele Carbognani,Augusto Cardoni,Cameron N. Carlyle,Miguel Castillo-Garcia,Scott X. Chang,Jeff Chieppa,Marcus V. Cianciaruso,Ofer Cohen,Amanda L. Cordeiro,Daniela F. Cusack,Sven Dahlke,Pedro Daleo,Carla M. D'Antonio,Lee H. Dietterich,Tim S. Doherty,Maren Dubbert,Anne Ebeling,Nico Eisenhauer,Felicia M. Fischer,T'ai G. W. Forte,Tobias Gebauer,Beatriz Gozalo,Aaron C. Greenville,Karlo G. Guidoni-Martins,Heather J. Hannusch,Siri Vatso Haugum,Yann Hautier,Mariet Hefting,Hugh A. L. Henry,Daniela Hoss,Johannes Ingrisch,Oscar Iribarne,Forest Isbell, Yari Johnson,Samuel Jordan,Eugene F. Kelly,Kaitlin Kimmel,Juergen Kreyling,Gyorgy Kroel-Dulay,Alicia Kropfl,Angelika Kubert,Andrew Kulmatiski,Eric G. Lamb,Klaus Steenberg Larsen,Julie Larson, Jason Lawson,Cintia V. Leder,Anja Linstadter,Jielin Liu,Shirong Liu,Alexandra G. Lodge, Grisel Longo,Alejandro Loydi,Junwei Luan,Frederick Curtis Lubbe,Craig Macfarlane, Kathleen Mackie-Haas,Andrey V. Malyshev, Adrian Maturano-Ruiz,Thomas Merchant, Daniel B. Metcalfe,Akira S. Mori,Edwin Mudongo,Gregory S. Newman,Uffe N. Nielsen,Dale Nimmo,Yujie Niu, Paola Nobre,Rory C. O'Connor,Roma Ogaya,Gaston R. Onatibia,Ildiko Orban,Brooke Osborne,Rafael Otfinowski,Meelis Partel,Josep Penuelas,Pablo L. Peri,Guadalupe Peter,Alessandro Petraglia,Catherine Picon-Cochard,Valerio D. Pillar,Juan Manuel Pineiro-Guerra,Laura W. Ploughe,Robert M. Plowes, Cristy Portales-Reyes,Suzanne M. Prober,Yolanda Pueyo,Sasha C. Reed,Euan G. Ritchie, Dana Aylen Rodriguez,William E. Rogers,Christiane Roscher,Ana M. Sanchez, Braulio A. Santo, Maria Cecilia Scarfo,Eric W. Seabloom,Baoku Shi,Lara Souza, Andreas Stampfi,Rachel J. Standish,Marcelo Sternberg,Wei Sun,Marie Sunnemann,Michelle Tedder,Pal Thorvaldsen,Dashuan Tian,Katja Tielborger,Alejandro Valdecantos,Liesbeth van den Brink,Vigdis Vandvik,Mathew R. Vankoughnett,Liv Guri Velle,Changhui Wang, Yi Wang,Glenda M. Wardle,Christiane Werner,Cunzheng Wei,Georg Wiehl, Jennifer L. Williams,Amelia A. Wolf,Michaela Zeiter,Fawei Zhang,Juntao Zhu,Ning Zong,Xiaoan Zuo

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(2024)

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摘要
Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events-the most common duration of drought-globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function-aboveground net primary production (ANPP)-was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.
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关键词
climate extreme,Drought-Net,International Drought Experiment,productivity
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