Spatiotemporal variations in emission and particulate matter concentration outside a concentrated layer feeding operation

A year-round monitoring of Particulate Matter (PM) less than 2.5 mu m in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) from a conventional cage laying hen house was conducted to reveal their spatiotemporal variations of concentrations downwind of tunnel fans. The PM Emission Rate (ER) and the correlations between PM with meteorological parameters and ventilation rate were studied. Ten self-developed Particle Concentration Monitoring Units were distributed to multiple horizontal (2, 25, and 50 m) and vertical (2 and 5 m) locations for PM examination. Four PM2.5 concentration categories were classified: good (0-35 mu g m- 3), moderate (35-75 mu g m- 3), unhealthy (75-150 mu g m- 3), and very unhealthy (150-350 mu g m- 3). Annual and monthly percentages of PM2.5 and TSP sampling hours for each category were calculated. Significant temporal variations in ER were observed, with monthly average ER ranging from 0.05 to 0.86 mg d-1 hen-1 for PM2.5 and 1.40-8.90 mg d-1 hen-1 for TSP. Approximately 10-40% of PM2.5 sampling hours exceeded 75 mu g m- 3, while no TSP concentration was higher than the recommended threshold. The monthly percentage for the "very unhealthy" PM2.5 category was higher in winter, whereas the highest monthly percentage for the 800-1,200 mu g m- 3 TSP category was found in summer. Higher PM2.5 concentrations were prone to be observed at further sampling points, while higher TSP concentrations were mostly detected near the fans or on both sides of the sampling area. PM2.5 and TSP were positively correlated with ambient temperature and ventilation rate, while negatively correlated with relative humidity.