Coexistence mechanisms of small carnivores in a near-pristine area within the mountains of Southwest China

Biodiversity is a vital aspect of an ecosystem and investigating its formation and maintenance is vital. Maintaining biodiversity notably requires a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying species coexistence. However, in the Anthropocene, the absence of large carnivores in most areas has reduced the number of relatively intact ecosystems suitable for coexistence research. The mountains of Southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with relatively low anthropogenic disturbance, offer a potentially suitable area for studying carnivore coexistence, especially in the Xinlong region in Sichuan. To understand the mechanisms underlying the coexistence of small carnivores, we used infrared cameras to investigate their spatiotemporal activity. We explored interspecific niche differentiation and small carnivore' responses to top predators and human disturbances using occupancy modeling and avoidance-attraction ratios (AARs). The results were as follows: (1) different small carnivores exhibited unique spatial and temporal responses to top predators, with leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) preferring to occupy areas occupied by leopards (Panthera pardus), whereas yellow-throated martens (Martes flavigula) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) remained spatially independent of leopards; (2) human activities did not significantly affect the spatial activities of small carnivores, but small carnivores exhibited timeresistant behavior toward humans and domestic cattle; and (3) we observed temporal and spatial avoidance between leopard cats and other small carnivores (yellow-throated martens and red foxes). Overall, our study highlights the complex and unexpected behavioral responses and survival strategies of animals within an integrated community. In the future, we aim to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of wildlife communities in this region and to elucidate the potential roles of human activities within this ecological community.