A Complex and Dynamic Redox Network Regulating Oxygen Reduction at Photosystem I

Thiol-dependent redox regulations of enzyme activities play a central role in regulating photosynthesis. Beside the regulation of metabolic pathways, alternative electron transport has been shown to be subjected to thiol-dependent regulation. We investigated the regulation of O 2 reduction at photosystem I. The level of O 2 reduction in leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes depends on the photoperiod in which plants are grown. We used a set of Arabidopsis mutant plants affected in the stromal, membrane and lumenal thiol network to study the redox protein partners involved in regulating O 2 reduction. Light-dependent O 2 reduction was determined in leaves and in thylakoids of plants grown in short day and long day conditions using a spin-trapping EPR assay. In wild type samples from short day, ROS generation was twice the amount of that in samples from long day, while this difference was abolished in several redoxin mutants. An in vitro reconstitution assays showed that thioredoxin m, NADPH-dependent reductase C (NTRC) and NADPH are required for high O 2 reduction levels in long day thylakoids. Using isolated photosystem I, we also show that reduction of a PSI protein is responsible for the increase in O 2 reduction. Furthermore, differences in the membrane localization of thioredoxins m and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin were demonstrated between thylakoids of short day and long day plants. Finally, we propose a model of redox regulation of O 2 reduction according to the reduction power of the stroma and the capabilities of the different thiol-containing proteins to form a network of redox interactions.