Coordinative Planning of Public Transport Electrification, RESs and Energy Networks for Decarbonization of Urban Multi-Energy Systems: A Government-Market Dual-Driven Framework

Synergy among renewable energy sources (RESs), energy network (EN) expansion and electrified transport provides a potential pathway toward low-carbon energy systems. However, the ambition of deep decarbonization may not be achieved by connecting all stakeholders through single market-wise effort. To this end, this article presents a coordinative planning framework of public transport electrification (PTE), RESs and ENs for decarbonization of urban multi-energy systems (UMESs). The framework is formulated as a three-level programming and driven by both government incentives and market signals. In the upper-level, the investment decision models of RESs, ENs and PTE are developed. Particularly, public transport hubs (PTHs) are viewed as flexible multi-energy demands whose potential of implementing demand response is incorporated in PTE planning model. In the middle-level, a carbon emission-security assessment subproblem is proposed, where market equilibriums are captured by Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions; then the nested Benders decomposition and Lagrangian relaxation approach are utilized to synthetize capacity incentives paid by governments. In the lower-level, a hybrid energy pricing mechanism is designed to obtain integrated energy-carbon prices. The above hierarchical model is solved by an iterative algorithm where all investors update their planning decisions in a decentralized manner based on customized government incentives and market prices. Numerical studies prove that our proposed approach can effectively coordinate all stakeholders and promote the low-carbon transition of UMESs.