Thorium speciation in ilmenite concentrates from the Mandena deposit, Madagascar: Implications for environmental remediation and thorium beneficiation

Placer ilmenite deposits are important sources for titanium dioxide production but are often radioactive due to elevated thorium and uranium contents, posing significant challenges to their upgrading and downstream commercial applications. In this contribution, we have investigated ilmenite concentrates containing 133 ppm Th and 12.8 ppm U from the Mandena deposit, Madagascar, using a wide range of analytical techniques: powder X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, quantitative evaluation of materials by scanning electron micro-scopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spec-trometry, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, microbeam synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping, and microbeam synchrotron Laue X-ray diffraction analysis. Our data show that monazite-(Ce), mainly as discrete grains, accounts for-55% of Th in the Mandena ilmenite concentrates. Thorianite hosting the remaining Th at-45% is revealed by synchrotron Th LIII edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray ab-sorption fine structure analyses and is correlated with the degree of ilmenite alteration. These results suggest that thorianite probably formed from the alteration of ilmenite and precipitated on the surface of altered ilmenite. The presence of monazite-(Ce) and thorianite in the Mandena ilmenite concentrates is further supported by principal component analysis of trace elements. Our results suggest that combined magnetic separation and acid leaching are effective for reducing the Th (and U) abundances in the Mandena ilmenite concentrates, via the removal of Th-bearing minerals. These findings have important implications for both Th remediation and beneficiation. Moreover, the precipitation of thorianite on the surface of altered ilmenite is an effective method for attenuating the common radionuclide Th in surficial environments.