Tribocharging of Granular Materials and Influence on Their Flow.

Once granular materials flow, particles charge because of the triboelectric effect. When particles touch each other, charges are exchanged during contact whether they are made of the same material or not. Surprisingly, when different sizes of particles are mixed together, large particles tend to charge positively while small particles charge negatively. If the particles are relatively small (typically smaller than a millimeter), the electrostatic interaction between the particles becomes significant and leads to aggregation or sticking on the surface of the container holding them. Studying those effects is challenging as the mechanisms that govern the triboelectric effect are not fully understood yet. We show that the patch model (or mosaic model) is suitable to reproduce numerically the flow of triboelectrically charged granular materials as the specific charging of bi-disperse granular materials can be retrieved. We investigate the influence of charging on the cohesion of granular materials and highlight the relevant parameters related to the patch model that influence cohesion. Our results shed new light on the mechanisms of the triboelectric effect as well as on how the charging of granular materials influences cohesion using numerical simulations. Using the patch model in numerical simulations, the contact charging of mono- and bi-disperse granular materials could be reproduced and interpreted. The effect of charging on cohesion is analyzed and quantified in a rotating drum.