Immunotherapy for thyroid carcinomas and neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system

Thyroid carcinomas and digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a spectrum of heterogeneous tumors, encompassing poorly differentiated or high histological grade forms associated with a poorer prognosis. Current therapeutic options are limited to the metastatic stage. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerged as innovative approaches that have effectively managed the progression of various solid cancers. In this review, we will discuss and summarize the molecular basis of ICI therapy, provide an in-depth exploration of ongoing clinical trials in thyroid carcinomas and NEN, and examine potential biomarkers for predicting responses to ICI treatment. The outcomes of these trials, coupled with the promise of forthcoming studies, will determine whether this therapeutic category can evolve into a potent tool against these tumors, either as standalone treatments or in combination with existing therapeutic modalities.