DOUBLE DIRAC CONES IN BAND STRUCTURES OF PERIODIC SCHROEDINGER OPERATORS\ast

Dirac cones are conical singularities that occur near the degenerate points in band structures. Such singularities result in enormous unusual phenomena of the corresponding physical systems. This work investigates double Dirac cones that occur in the vicinity of a fourfold degenerate point in the band structures of certain operators. It is known that such degeneracy originates in the symmetries of the Hamiltonian. We use two-dimensional periodic Schrodinger operators with novel designed symmetries as our prototype. First, we characterize admissible potentials, termed super honeycomb lattice potentials. They are honeycomb lattices potentials with a key additional translation symmetry. It is rigorously justified that Schrodinger operators with such potentials almost guarantee the existence of double Dirac cones on the bands at the Gpoint, the origin of the Brillouin zone. We further show that the additional translation symmetry is an indispensable ingredient by a perturbation analysis. Indeed, the double cones disappear if the additional translation symmetry is broken. Many numerical simulations are provided which agree well with our analysis.