Demonstration of Orbit Determination for LEO Objects Using the Murchison Widefield Array

The rapidly increasing number of satellites in Earth's orbit motivates the development of Space Domain Awareness (SDA) capabil-ities using wide field-of-view sensor systems that can perform simultaneous detections. This work demonstrates preliminary orbit deter-mination capability for Low Earth Orbit objects using the 36 degrees x 36 degrees field-of-view of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) at commercial Frequency Modulated (FM) frequencies (transmitters in 88 -108 MHz range). Non-coherent passive radar techniques with the MWA produce spatially smeared detections, due to time averaging in the MWA's standard signal processing chain. The work devel-ops methods to extract time-stamped measurements of a satellite's angular coordinates from these data. The developed method was tested on observations of 32 satellite passes and the extracted measurements were used to perform orbit determination for the targets using a least-squares fitting approach. The target satellites span a range in altitude and Radar Cross Section, providing examples of both high and low signal-to-noise detections. The estimated orbital elements for the satellites are validated against the publicly available Two Line Element (TLE) updates provided by the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) and the preliminary estimates are found to be in close agreement. The work also tests for re-acquisition for one target using the orbital elements and finds the trajectory predicted by the method to coincide within 0.2 degrees cross-track and 0.3 degrees in-track for a subsequent pass, reduced to approximately 0.1 degrees cross-track (less than one kilometre) if two passes are used to predict the subsequent pass (using simple two-body propagation). The median uncertainty in the angular position for objects in LEO (range less than 1000 km) is found to be 860 m in the cross-track direction and 780 m in the in-track direction, which are comparable to the typical uncertainty of-1000 min the publicly available TLE information. The techniques, there-fore, demonstrate the MWA to be capable of being a valuable contributor to the global SDA community. Based on the understanding of the MWA SDA system, this paper also briefly describes methods to mitigate the impact of FM-reflecting LEO satellites on radio astron-omy observations, and how maintaining a catalog of FM-reflecting LEO objects is in the best interests of both SDA and radio astronomy. Crown Copyright (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of COSPAR. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).