A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3

The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way 1 , 2 . Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation 3 , 4 . Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies 5 , 6 . Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z phot ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass ( M ★ = 3.9 × 10 9 M ⊙ ) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way 7 – 9 , in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago) 10 , 11 .