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Demonstrating Agreement Between Radio and Fluorescence Measurements of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Abdul Halim,P. Abreu,M. Aglietta,I. Allekotte,K. Almeida Cheminant,A. Almela,R. Aloisio,J. Alvarez-Muniz,J. Ammerman Yebra,G. A. Anastasi,L. Anchordoqui,B. Andrada,S. Andringa, Anukriti,L. Apollonio,C. Aramo,P. R. Araujo Ferreira,E. Arnone, J. C. Arteaga Velazquez,P. Assis,G. Avila,E. Avocone,A. Bakalova,F. Barbato,A. Bartz Mocellin,J. A. Bellido,C. Berat,M. E. Bertaina,G. Bhatta,M. Bianciotto,P. L. Biermann,V. Binet,K. Bismark,T. Bister,J. Biteau,J. Blazek,C. Bleve,J. Blumer,M. Bohacova,D. Boncioli,C. Bonifazi,L. Bonneau Arbeletche,N. Borodai,J. Brack,P. G. Brichetto Orchera,F. L. Briechle,A. Bueno,S. Buitink,M. Buscemi,M. Busken,A. Bwembya,K. S. Caballero-Mora,S. Cabana-Freire,L. Caccianiga,R. Caruso,A. Castellina,F. Catalani,G. Cataldi,L. Cazon,M. Cerda,A. Cermenati,J. A. Chinellato,J. Chudoba,L. Chytka,R. W. Clay, A. C. Cobos Cerutti,R. Colalillo,A. Coleman,M. R. Coluccia,R. Conceicao,A. Condorelli,G. Consolati,M. Conte,F. Convenga,D. Correia dos Santos, P. J. Costa,C. E. Covault,M. Cristinziani,C. S. Cruz Sanchez,S. Dasso,K. Daumiller,B. R. Dawson,R. M. De Almeida,J. De Jesus,S. J. De Jong,J. R. T. de Mello Neto,I. De Mitri, J. de Oliveira,D. de Oliveira Franco,F. de Palma,V. de Souza,B. P. de Souza de Errico,E. De Vito,A. Del Popolo,O. Deligny,N. Denner,L. Deval,A. di Matteo,M. Dobre,C. Dobrigkeit,J. C. D'Olivo,L. M. Domingues Mendes,Q. Dorosti,J. C. dos Anjos,R. C. dos Anjos,J. Ebr,F. Ellwanger,M. Emam,R. Engel,I. Epicoco,M. Erdmann,A. Etchegoyen,C. Evoli,H. Falcke,J. Farmer,G. Farrar,A. C. Fauth,N. Fazzini,F. Feldbusch,F. Fenu,A. Fernandes,B. Fick,J. M. Figueira,A. Filipcic,T. Fitoussi,B. Flaggs,T. Fodran,T. Fujii,A. Fuster,C. Galea,C. Galelli,B. Garcia,C. Gaudu,H. Gemmeke,F. Gesualdi,A. Gherghel-Lascu,P. L. Ghia,U. Giaccari,J. Glombitza,F. Gobbi,F. Gollan,G. Golup,M. Gomez Berisso, P. F. Gomez Vitale,J. P. Gongora,J. M. Gonzalez,N. Gonzalez,I. Goos,D. Gora,A. Gorgi,M. Gottowik,T. D. Grubb,F. Guarino,G. P. Guedes,E. Guido,L. Gulzow,S. Hahn,P. Hamal,M. R. Hampel,P. Hansen,D. Harari,V. M. Harvey,A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker,C. Hojvat,J. R. Horandel,P. Horvath,M. Hrabovsky,T. Huege,A. Insolia,P. G. Isar,P. Janecek,V. Jilek,J. A. Johnsen,J. Jurysek,K. -H. Kampert,B. Keilhauer,A. Khakurdikar,V. V. Kizakke Covilakam,H. O. Klages,M. Kleifges,F. Knapp,J. Kohler,N. Kunka,B. L. Lago,N. Langner,M. A. Leigui de Oliveira,Y. Lema-Capeans,A. Letessier-Selvon,I. Lhenry-Yvon,L. Lopes,L. Lu, Q. Luce,J. P. Lundquist,A. Machado Payeras,M. Majercakova,D. Mandat,B. C. Manning,P. Mantsch,S. Marafico,F. M. Mariani,A. G. Mariazzi,I. C. Maris,G. Marsella,D. Martello,S. Martinelli,O. Martinez Bravo,M. A. Martins,H. -J. Mathes,J. Matthews,G. Matthiae,E. Mayotte,S. Mayotte,P. O. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco,J. Meinert,D. Melo,A. Menshikov,C. Merx,S. Michal,M. I. Micheletti,L. Miramonti,S. Mollerach,F. Montanet,L. Morejon,C. Morello,K. Mulrey,R. Mussa,W. M. Namasaka,S. Negi,L. Nellen,K. Nguyen,G. Nicora,M. Niechciol,D. Nitz,D. Nosek,V. Novotny,L. Nozka,A. Nucita,L. A. Nunez, C. Oliveira,M. Palatka,J. Pallotta,S. Panja,G. Parente,T. Paulsen,J. Pawlowsky,M. Pech,J. Pekala,R. Pelayo,L. A. S. Pereira,E. E. Pereira Martins,J. Perez Armand,C. Perez Bertolli,L. Perrone,S. Petrera,C. Petrucci,T. Pierog,M. Pimenta,M. Platino,B. Pont,M. Pothast,M. Pourmohammad Shahvar,P. Privitera,M. Prouza,A. Puyleart,S. Querchfeld,J. Rautenberg,D. Ravignani,J. V. Reginatto Akim,M. Reininghaus,J. Ridky,F. Riehn,M. Risse,V. Rizi, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho,E. Rodriguez,J. Rodriguez Rojo,M. J. Roncoroni,S. Rossoni,M. Roth,E. Roulet,A. C. Rovero, P. Ruehl,A. Saftoiu,M. Saharan,F. Salamida,H. Salazar,G. Salina,J. D. Sanabria Gomez,F. Sanchez,E. M. Santos,E. Santos,F. Sarazin,R. Sarmento,R. Sato,P. Savina,C. M. Schafer,V. Scherini,H. Schieler, M. Schimassek,M. Schimp,D. Schmidt,O. Scholten,H. Schoorlemmer,P. Schovanek,F. G. Schroder,J. Schulte,T. Schulz,S. J. Sciutto,M. Scornavacche,A. Segreto,S. Sehgal,S. U. Shivashankara,G. Sigl,G. Silli,O. Sima,K. Simkova,F. Simon,R. Smau,R. Smida,P. Sommers,J. F. Soriano,R. Squartini,M. Stadelmaier,S. Stanic,J. Stasielak,P. Stassi,S. Strahnz,M. Straub,T. Suomijarvi,A. D. Supanitsky,Z. Svozilikova,Z. Szadkowski,F. Tairli,A. Tapia,C. Taricco,C. Timmermans,O. Tkachenko,P. Tobiska,C. J. Todero Peixoto,B. Tome,Z. Torres,A. Travaini,C. Trimarelli,M. Tueros,M. Unger,L. Vaclavek, M. Vacula,J. F. Valdes Galicia,L. Valore,E. Varela,A. Vasquez-Ramirez,D. Veberic,C. Ventura,I. D. Vergara Quispe,V. Verzi,J. Vicha,J. Vink,S. Vorobiov,C. Watanabe,A. A. Watson,A. Weindl,L. Wiencke,H. Wilczynski,D. Wittkowski,B. Wundheiler,B. Yue,A. Yushkov,O. Zapparrata,E. Zas,D. Zavrtanik,M. Zavrtanik

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS(2024)

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Abstract
We show, for the first time, radio measurements of the depth of shower maximum (X_max) of air showers induced by cosmic rays that are compared to measurements of the established fluorescence method at the same location. Using measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory we show full compatibility between our radio and the previously published fluorescence data set, and between a subset of air showers observed simultaneously with both radio and fluorescence techniques, a measurement setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory. Furthermore, we show radio X_max resolution as a function of energy and demonstrate the ability to make competitive high-resolution X_max measurements with even a sparse radio array. With this, we show that the radio technique is capable of cosmic-ray mass composition studies, both at Auger and at other experiments.
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Radio Astronomy
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