Enhancing cardiomyocytes contraction force measuring in drug testing: Integration of a highly sensitive single-crystal silicon strain sensor into SU-8 cantilevers

The development of efficient tools for predicting drug-induced cardiotoxicity in the preclinical phase would greatly benefit the drug development process. This study presents an SU-8 cantilever integrated with a single -crystal silicon strain sensor to enhance force sensitivity in toxicity screening methods based on changes in the contraction force of cardiomyocytes. The proposed cantilever device enables real-time measurements of car-diomyocytes contraction force with high sensitivity, thereby facilitating the assessment of drug cardiotoxicity. The experimental results obtained herein demonstrate the responsiveness of the proposed platform in detecting forces smaller than 0.02 mu N with a force sensitivity that is nearly 17 times higher than those of conventional metal-based strain sensors. Moreover, the integration of strain sensors demonstrates the potential for manufacturing cantilever arrays that can be used in high-throughput screening applications. The developed methodology successfully facilitates in vitro culturing of cardiomyocytes and allows for continuous monitoring of their contraction force. The practical applicability of the proposed platform is further validated through car-diotoxicity analysis. The cultured cardiomyocytes are treated with two cardiovascular drugs, namely verapamil (an L-type calcium channel blocker) and isoproterenol (a sympathomimetic drug targeting beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors), to analyze the drug induced effects in the cardiomyocytes.