Groundwater Discharge and Saltwater-Freshwater Mixing in a Mangrove Wetland over Tidal Cycles: A Field and Modeling Study

Material transport and transformations in mangrove wetlands are closely related to seawater-groundwater mixing processes, which can influence mangrove growth and development. Therefore, a clearer understanding of groundwater and salt transport dynamics in aquifers beneath mangrove wetlands is needed to accurately estimate chemical fluxes to mangrove ecosystems. We established a multi-level groundwater monitoring profile in a mangrove wetland and constructed a numerical model of tidally-driven groundwater flow and salt transport that was calibrated to salinity and pore water pressure. Model results indicated that 99% of groundwater discharge to the mangrove wetland was saltwater and that this discharge accounted for 33% of total discharge over a spring-neap tidal cycle. Tidal creeks that cross-cut the wetland received the remaining 67% of total discharge. Seawater infiltration from tidal action across the wetland formed a subsurface saltwater-freshwater mixing zone with a geometry that followed the undulation of a high permeably layer at depth. Model sensi-tivity tests showed that salinity distributions and groundwater discharge patterns were controlled strongly by wetland topography and anisotropy. Model cases with a gently sloping and flat mangrove platform led to sub-stantially less salt mass in the subsurface compared to the base case with mangrove topographic relief. Models with lower anisotropy allowed salt to penetrate through the high-permeability layer to the base of the aquifer. The spatial patterns of fresh and saline groundwater discharge and mixing processes within mangrove wetlands as shown in this study may have implications for mangrove tree nutrient availability and for the prevalence and spatial distribution of mangroves along coastlines.