Short-term fasting of mice elevates circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)

Aims: Phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis are controlled by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from bone suppressing renal phosphate transport and enhancing 24-hydroxylase (Cyp24 alpha 1), thereby inactivating 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. Serum FGF23 is correlated with outcomes in several diseases. Fasting stimulates the production of ketone bodies. We hypothesized that fasting can induce FGF23 synthesis through the production of ketone bodies. Methods: UMR106 cells and isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) were treated with ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. Mice were fasted overnight, fed ad libitum, or treated with beta-hydroxybutyrate. Proteins and further blood parameters were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), western blotting, immunohistochemistry, fluorometric or colorimetric methods, and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: beta-Hydroxybutyrate stimulated FGF23 production in UMR106 cells in a nuclear factor kappa-light- chain enhancer of activated B-cells (NF kappa B)-dependent manner, and in NRVMs. Compared to fed animals, fasted mice exhibited higher beta-hydroxybutyrate and FGF23 serum levels (based on assays either detecting C-terminal or intact, biologically active FGF23 only), cardiac, pancreatic, and thymic Fgf23 and renal Cyp24 alpha 1 expression, and lower 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 serum concentration as well as renal Slc34 alpha 1 and alpha Klotho (Kl) expression. In contrast, Fgf23 expression in bone and serum phosphate, calcium, plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration, and renal Cyp27b1 expression were not significantly affected by fasting. Conclusion: Short-term fasting increased FGF23 production, as did administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate, effects possibly of clinical relevance in view of the increasing use of FGF23 as a surrogate parameter in clinical monitoring of diseases. The fasting state of patients might therefore affect FGF23 tests.