In Silico Docking and Pharmacophoric Analysis of 3-Indolyl Pyridine Derivatives Toward Cyclooxygenase-2

Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in community and hospital pharmacy setting is a crucial standard for pharmacy services. The Thai Food and Drug Administration (Thai-FDA) realized the benefit of GPP and tried to implement this concept as a regulation for every community pharmacy. As a result, the Ministerial Regulation on Application and Issuance of License to Modern Pharmacies was implemented, so the new community pharmacies which open after the issue of this regulation must abide by it if they open after 26th June 2014. However, the Thai-FDA gave a period within eight years for old pharmacies to adapt to this new regulation. Thus, this study aimed to explore the economic impact in terms of cost-benefit of the Ministerial Regulation on Application and Issuance of License to Modern Pharmacies. This regulation was revised to improve the quality and standard of community pharmacies. The data was obtained from self-administered questionnaires sent to Type I pharmacy owners, excluding the accredited pharmacies, and from the published literature and expert opinion. This study was performed from a societal perspective. The result showed that the total 8-year cost was $1,317.90 million dollars (48,639.61 million baht) and total 8-year benefit was $3,672.34 million dollars (136,027.69 million baht). NPV and benefit to cost ratio were $ 2,087.79 million dollars (68,458.75 million baht) and 2.79 benefit: cost, respectively. The one-way best case and worse case sensitivity result presented that the net benefit ranged from -$856.14 million dollars to $20,815.45 million dollars (– 28,072.91 to 682,538.71 million baht). Cost of pharmacy closing down was the least sensitive variable in this model. Cost of Drug-Related problem (DRP) per case and number of DRPs in community pharmacies were the important factors which might contribute to an impact on net benefit. The implementation of this regulation seems to have provided positive financial return on investment to Thai society.