Current Update on Multimodal Analgesia and Nonopiate Surgical Pain Management.

Cardiovascular pharmacological countermeasures will be required as a preventive measure of cardiovascular deconditioning and early vascular ageing for long term space travelers. Physiological changes during spaceflight could have severe implications on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). However, limitations exist for the implementation of drug studies due to the requirements and constraints of this extreme environment. Therefore, we developed an easy sampling method on dried urine spot (DUS), for the simultaneous quantification of 5 antihypertensive drugs in human urine: irbesartan, valsartan, olmesartan, metoprolol and furosemide analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), considering spaceflight parameters. This assay was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision with satisfactory results. There were no relevant carry-over, matrix interferences. The targeted drugs were stable in urine collected by DUS until 6 months at +21 °C, +4°C, −20 °C (with or without desiccants) and at 30 °C during 48 h. Irbesartan, valsartan and olmesartan were not stable at 50 °C during 48 h. This method was found to be eligible for space pharmacology studies in terms of practicality, safety, robustness and energy costs. It has been successfully implemented in space tests programs led in 2022.